Study Material of Section A and B
8) Ones’ complement Alternatively, a system known as ones’ complement can be used to represent negative numbers. The ones’ complement form of a binary number is the bitwise NOT applied to it — the complement of its positive counterpart. Like sign-and-magnitude representation, ones’ complement has two representations of 0: 00000000 (+0) and 11111111 (−0). As…
7) Adders (electronics) In electronics, an adder is a device which will perform the addition, S, of two numbers. In computing, the adder is part of the ALU, and some ALUs contain multiple adders. Although adders can be constructed for many numerical representations, such as Binarycoded decimal or excess-3, the most common adders operate on…
6) Logic Gate A logic gate performs a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and produces a single logic output. The logic normally performed is Boolean logic and is most commonly found in digital circuits. Logic gates are primarily implemented electronically using diodes or transistors, but can also be constructed using electromagnetic relays,…
5) Karnaugh map The Karnaugh map, also known as a Veitch diagram (K-map or KV-map for short), is a tool to facilitate management of Boolean algebraic expressions. A Karnaugh map is unique in that only one variable changes value between squares, in other words, the rows and columns are ordered according to the principles of…
4) Internet protocol suite The Internet protocol suite is the set of communications protocols that implement the protocol stack on which the Internet and most commercial networks run. It is sometimes called the TCP/IP protocol suite, after the two most important protocols in it: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which…
3) Network Topology In networking, the term “topology” refers to the layout of connected devices on a network. This article introduces the standard topologies of computer networking. Topology in Network Design One can think of a topology as a network’s virtual shape or structure. This shape does not necessarily correspond to the actual physical layout…
2) What About MAN, SAN, PAN, DAN, and CAN? Future articles will describe the many other types of area networks in more detail. After LANs and WANs, one will most commonly encounter the following three network designs: A Metropolitan Area Network connects an area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as…
1) Local Area Networks Local Area Networks For historical reasons, the industry refers to nearly every type of network as an “area network.” The most commonly-discussed categories of computer networks include the following – Local Area Network (LAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Storage Area Network (SAN) System Area Network (SAN)…